There are several different types of vaccines. Each type is designed to teach your immune system how to fight off certain kinds of germs — and the serious diseases they cause.

When scientists create vaccines, they consider:

• How your immune system responds to the germ
• Who needs to be vaccinated against the germ
• The best technology or approach to create the vaccine

Based on a number of these factors, scientists decide which type of vaccine they will make. There are 4 main types of vaccines:

• Live-attenuated vaccines
• Inactivated vaccines
• Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines
• Toxoid vaccines

Live-attenuated vaccines

Live vaccines use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ that causes a disease.

Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune response. Just 1 or 2 doses of most live vaccines can give you a lifetime of protection against a germ and the disease it causes.

But live vaccines also have some limitations. For example:

• Because they contain a small amount of the weakened live virus, some people should talk to their health care provider before receiving them, such as people with weakened immune systems, long-term health problems, or people who’ve had an organ transplant.
• They need to be kept cool, so they don’t travel well. That means they can’t be used in countries with limited access to refrigerators.

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